The records, spanning meetings and phone calls between 2001 and 2008, show that despite forging a close partnership after the 9/11 attacks, Washington and Moscow viewed Pakistan—then under military ruler Pervez Musharraf—as a significant non-proliferation challenge. The records, spanning meetings and phone calls between 2001 and 2008, show that despite forging a close partnership after the 9/11 attacks, Washington and Moscow viewed Pakistan—then under military ruler Pervez Musharraf—as a significant non-proliferation challenge.